Transgender women of color (TWOC) are disproportionately impacted by psychological distress. Though gender-affirming care (GAC) has been recommended to alleviate this distress, research examining associations between perceived access to GAC, specific gender-affirming medical interventions (GAMIs), and mental health among TWOC in the United States remains limited. In this study, we examine cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between perceived access to GAC, completion of specific GAMIs, and psychological distress among TWOC, using modified Poisson regression and multilevel linear modeling. Data came from the TURNNT (“Trying to Understand Relationships, Networks and Neighborhoods Among Transgender Women of Color”) Cohort Study. In multivariable analyses, increased access to GAC was associated with reduced psychological distress risk. All assessed GAMIs suggested protective effects against psychological distress (aRR < 1), with statistical significance found for breast augmentation and facial feminization surgery. On average, those with unmet GAMI needs experienced higher distress risk than those without. Longitudinally, those experiencing reduced access to GAC over 6 months faced the highest distress risk among all trajectory groups (aRR: 1.40, 95% CI: 1.08, 1.82). Our findings support the need for further inquiry in this area and suggest that policies protecting and increasing access to GAC may improve mental health among TWOC.
Perceived access to gender-affirming care, completion of gender-affirming medical interventions, and psychological distress among transgender women of color: The TURNNT Cohort Study
American Journal of Epidemiology [Epub 2025 Jun 20]. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwaf136.