BACKGROUND: Condom use has long been recommended as an effective method for preventing HIV/AIDS. However, a large proportion of older adults in China reported not using condoms, leading to an alarming increase in HIV prevalence among this population. Negative attitudes, especially condom-related stigma, have been identified as the main barrier. However, no condom-related stigma scale has been developed or validated for older adults in the Chinese cultural context. This study aimed to adapt and validate a condom-related stigma scale for older adults (CRSS-OA) in China, based on a scale previously developed for men who have sex with men (CRSS).
METHODS: Based on qualitative interviews, we adapted and revised the CRSS to better address the ageism and unique stigma faced by older adults in the Chinese cultural context. The reliability and validity of the adapted CRSS-OA were examined using a random sample of 498 older adults in Hunan Province, south-central China. Reliability was assessed by calculating Cronbach’s alpha. Construct validity was assessed through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Concurrent validity was assessed by examining the correlation between each factor of the CRSS-OA and two criterion scales (the HIV/AIDS Stigma Scale and the Aging Sexual Attitudes Scale). Predictive validity was evaluated by analyzing the association between condom-related stigma and engagement in condomless sexual behavior.
RESULTS: The adapted scale included 16 items, loading on three factors, and collectively explaining 70.646% of the variance. These factors were named “labeling condom use,” “shaming condom purchase,” and “violating traditional sex beliefs,” demonstrating strong internal consistency with Cronbach’s alpha coefficients of 0.942, 0.850, and 0.852, respectively. Concurrent validity was established by evaluating the correlation between each factor of the CRSS-OA and two criterion scales, with Pearson correlation coefficients ranging from 0.227 to 0.508 (p < 0.05). Predictive validity was assessed by measuring the scale’s ability to correctly predict condomless sexual behavior, with an average predictability of 0.77.
CONCLUSIONS: The adapted CRSS-OA has proven to be a valid and cultural-adaptive tool for assessing condom-related stigma among older adults in China. Further studies are needed to explore the external validity of this scale in the future.
Adaptation and validation of a condom-related stigma scale for older adults in China
BMC Public Health, 25 (1), 536. doi: 10.1186/s12889-025-21589-8. PMCID: PMC11809071.